4.27
References
[1]In 1823,
Captain Adam White was deputed to help Scott in the administration of Lower
Assam. He was later made a Major and then a Colonel. In January 1839, when he
was the Political Agent, he was killed during a night attack on the British
garrison at Sadiya. A History of Assam, Edward Albert Gait, Thacker Spink &
Co., Calcutta 1906, University of California.Pg.286 and 305.
[2]This was not the first road
to be constructed in the Khasi & Jaintia Hills. In 1824, Ram Singh agreed
to allow the construction of a road through the State from Jaintiapur to
Nowgong, and Scott himself travelled this road on one occasion.
[3]Memoir of
The Late David Scott, Esq., Agent To the Governor General, On The North East
Frontier of Bengal, And Commissioner Of Revenue And Circuit In Assam, by
Archibald Watson, Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1832 (sold by T.Ostell,
British Library).University of California.Pg.37.
[4]The History of the Welsh
Calvinistic Methodists’ Foreign Mission to the end of the year 1904, John
Hughes Morris, 1910.Pg.81.
[5]Influence and contribution of
Bengali settlers in Khasi Hills, Prof. David R Syiemlieh. The author who is the
Controller of Examinations of NEHU, Shillong, presented this paper on the
occasion of celebration of Bengali New Year's Day on April 15. http://www.theshillongtimes.com/b-21aprl.htm.
[6]Meghalaya District Gazetteers,Khasi
Hills District, Chapter 7. http://meghalaya.nic.in/publications/gazetteer_khasi.html
[7]Robert Lindsay was the first
Collector of Sylhet in about 1776. Anecdotes of an Indian Life by the Hon. Robert
Lindsay in Lives of the Lindsays – Volume 3, pages 147-226; or a memoir of the
houses of Crawford and Balcarres, by Lord Lindsay to which are added, extracts
from the official correspondence of Alexander sixth Earl of Balcarres, during
the Maroon War; together with personal narratives by his brothers, the Hon.
Robert, Colin, James, John, and Hugh Linsay; and by his sister, Lady Anne
Barnard. Published by John Murray, Albemarle Street, London, 1849.
[8]Plantations/villages are
known by the Khasi as punji. As far as Cherrapunji is concerned, cherra means
stream or water, so the name translates as 'the plantation by the stream'.
[9]The Quarterly Oriental
Magazine, Review and Register, Thacker & Co., Calcutta, 1827, Harvard
University Library.
[10]Missionary Journals and
Letters written during eleven years’ residence and travels amongst the Chinese,
Siamese, Javanese, Khassias, and other eastern nations. By Jacob Tomlin,
publisher James Nisbet and Co., London, 1844. New York Public Library. Pg.374.
[11]Memoir of The Late David Scott,
Esq., Agent To the Governor General, On The North East Frontier of Bengal, And
Commissioner Of Revenue And Circuit In Assam, by Archibald Watson, Baptist
Mission Press, Calcutta, 1832 (sold by T.Ostell, British Library).University of
California.Pg.27 and 28.
[12]A bridle path (also
bridleway, bridle road) is a thoroughfare originally made for horses. Bridle
paths were transport routes where the country was so steep that the route was
impassable by wheeled traffic (Source Wikipedia).
[13]Philemon, E. P. 1995, Cherrapunjee:
the arena of rain - a history and guide to Sohra & Shillong / E.P. Philemon
Spectrum Publications, Guwahati.
[15]A tonga is a light horse-drawn
carriage used for transportation in India,
Pakistan, and Bangladesh (Source
Wikipedia).
[16]Khasis and the Welsh Legacy,
Basil Griffiths. Akashi Book Depot, Shillong, 2007.Pg.87.
[17]No.CVII, Roads in Assam
(second article), Report on the Road from Gowhatty to the Sylhet River,
by Major D, Briggs, Superintendant of Works in Assam, about 1862. Published in
the Professional Papers in Indian Engineering, Vol. III, 1866.
[18]Annual Report on the
Administration of the Bengal Presidency for 1863-64.O.T.Cutter, Military Orphan
Press, 1865.
[19]A statistical account of
Assam, Volume 2, 1879, William Wilson Hunter, Trubner & Co., London.
University of Michigan, Pg.214-264.
[20]Memoirs of the Geographical
Survey of India, Vol. 29, Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.,
London, 1899.Report on the great earthquake of 1897, by Richard Dixon Oldham.
Appendix A: T.D. LaTouche. Stanford University.Pg.272.
[21]Assam district gazetteers,
Volume 10, B.C. Allen, Baptist Mission Press, 1906, Harvard University.
http://www.archive.org/stream/assamdistrictga00allegoog#page/n48/mode/1up.
[22]The History and Culture of
the Khasi People, Third Edition, Dr. Hamlet Bareh, Spectrum Publications,
Guwahati,1997, Pg.116.
[23]Memoirs of
the Geographical Survey of India, Vol. 29, Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner
& Co., London, 1899.Report on the great earthquake of 1897, by Richard
Dixon Oldham. Appendix A: T.D. LaTouche. Stanford University.Pg.30.
[24]Government of India, Ministry
of Finance, (Department of Revenue), 4 June 2010. Notification No. 45/2010 – Customs
(N.T.). http://www.cbec.gov.in/customs/cs-act/notifications/notfns-2k10/cs-nt2k10/csnt45-2k10.htm
[25]http://www.megassembly.gov.in/proceedings/1972/29-06-1972.htm
[26]A beaten
trail, path or a track, especially through wild or open territory, made by the
regular passage of people, animals, or vehicles.
[27]Taylor, S.B.;
"Ecclesiastical Report of Lower Assam for the Year 1880", One Hundred
Years, A short account of the Anglican Church in Assam, 1930, pp. 6-7. Philemon,
E. P. 1995, Cherrapunjee: the arena of rain - a history and guide to Sohra
& Shillong / E.P. Philemon Spectrum Publications, Guwahati.
[28]Sport in British Burmah, Assam, and
the Cassyah and Jyntiah hills. with notes of sport in the hilly districts of
the northern division, Madras Presidency, indicating the best localities in
those countries for sport, with natural history notes, illustrations of the
people, scenery, and game, together with maps to guide the traveller or
sportsman, and hints on weapons, fishing-tackle, etc., best suited for killing
game met with in those provinces. Volume 2. Lieutenant Colonel Fitz William
Thomas Pollock, Chapman and Hall, London, 1879. Harvard University.Pg.76.
[29]The Khasis, By Lieutenant-Colonel
Philip Richard Thornhagh Gurdon, Commissioner of Assam valley Districts and
Honorary Director of Ethnography in Assam. Published under the orders of the
Assam Administration (Second Edition). Macmillan and Co., London, 1914.
University of Michigan.Pg.
[30]Sport in British Burmah, Assam, and
the Cassyah and Jyntiah hills. with notes of sport in the hilly districts of
the northern division, Madras Presidency, indicating the best localities in
those countries for sport, with natural history notes, illustrations of the
people, scenery, and game, together with maps to guide the traveller or
sportsman, and hints on weapons, fishing-tackle, etc., best suited for killing
game met with in those provinces. Volume 2. Lieutenant Colonel Fitz William
Thomas Pollock, Chapman and Hall, London, 1879. Harvard University.Pg.75.
[31]84 lbs./42
kgs.
[32]Four annas
was 25 paise or 0.25 Rupee.
[33]Golgotha is
the biblical name for the place where Jesus was crucified.
[34]Philemon, E.
P. 1995, Cherrapunjee : the arena of rain : a history and guide
to Sohra & Shillong / E.P. Philemon Spectrum Publications,
Guwahati.
[35]As used in
many parts of South Asia, the term ghat refers to a series of steps leading
down to a water body, usually a holy river. In Bengali-speaking regions, this
set of stairs can lead down to something as small as a pond or as large as a
major river.
[36]Missionary Journals and
Letters written during eleven years’ residence and travels amongst the Chinese,
Siamese, Javanese, Khassias, and other eastern nations. By Jacob Tomlin,
publisher James Nisbet and Co., London, 1844. New York Public Library. Pgs. 373
and 374.
[38]Report on the Eastern
Frontier of British India, with an Appendix, and Maps. By Captain Robert
Boileau Pemberton, 44th Native Infantry, Late Joint Commissioner in
Muneepoor. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1835. The University of California.
Pg.243.
[39]Shallow
lakes characteristic of Sylhet.
[40]The History
of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodists’ Foreign Mission to the end of the year
1904, John Hughes Morris, 1910.Pg.88.
[41]Himalayan
Journals; or Notes Of A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas,
The Khasia Mountains Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and
Illustrations, Volume 2. Published by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque
Nationale Et Universitaire, Lausanne. Pg 266.
[42]The Calcutta Review, Vol.
Xxvii, July-December 1856, Stanford University. Seramore and W.H. Allen and
Co., London. The Geological Structure of part of the Khasia Hills, with
Observations on the Meteorology and Ethnology of that District (observations
made in the Khasi Hills in 1851 and 1852). By Thomas Oldham, Superintendent of
the Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 1854.Pg.56.
[43]Memories of seven campaigns,
a record of thirty five years’ service in the Indian Medical Department in
India, China, Egypt, and the Sudan, By James Howard Thornton, Deputy
Surgeon-General Indian Medical Service (Retired) Late Principal Medical
Officer, Punjab Frontier Force. Published by Archibald Constable and Co.,
Westminster, 1895. Boston University.Pg.116.
[44]The History of the Welsh
Calvinistic Methodists’ Foreign Mission to the end of the year 1904, John
Hughes Morris, 1910.Pg.157.
[45]Sport in British Burmah, Assam, and
the Cassyah and Jyntiah hills. with notes of sport in the hilly districts of
the northern division, Madras Presidency, indicating the best localities in
those countries for sport, with natural history notes, illustrations of the
people, scenery, and game, together with maps to guide the traveller or
sportsman, and hints on weapons, fishing-tackle, etc., best suited for killing
game met with in those provinces. Volume 2. Lieutenant Colonel Fitz William
Thomas Pollock, Chapman and Hall, London, 1879. Harvard University.Pg.73.
[46]The History of the Welsh
Calvinistic Methodists’ Foreign Mission to the end of the year 1904, John
Hughes Morris, 1910.Pg 59.
[47]The Khasis, By Lieutenant-Colonel
Philip Richard Thornhagh Gurdon, Commissioner of Assam valley Districts and
Honorary Director of Ethnography in Assam. Published under the orders of the Assam
Administration (Second Edition). Macmillan and Co., London, 1914. University of
Michigan.Pg.4.
[48]The Khasis, By
Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Richard Thornhagh Gurdon, Commissioner of Assam
valley Districts and Honorary Director of Ethnography in Assam. Published under
the orders of the Assam Administration (Second Edition). Macmillan and Co.,
London, 1914. University of Michigan.Pg.182.
[49]In 1886, he
co-authored Hobson-Jobson, a dictionary of Anglo-Indian colloquial phrases.
[50]The Calcutta Review, Vol.
Xxxviii. Published by R.C. Lepage and Co. Calcutta and London, 1863.Indiana
University Library.Pg.273.
[51]Himalayan Journals; or Notes
Of A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, The Khasia Mountains
Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and Illustrations, Volume 2. Published
by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque Nationale Et Universitaire,
Lausanne. Pg. 268 and 271.
[52]The Calcutta Review, Vol.
Xxvii, July-December 1856, Stanford University. Seramore and W.H. Allen and Co.,
London. The Geological Structure of part of the Khasia Hills, with Observations
on the Meteorology and Ethnology of that District (observations made in the
Khasi Hills in 1851 and 1852). By Thomas Oldham, Superintendent of the
Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 1854.Pg.57.
[53]Memoirs of the Geographical
Survey of India, Vol. 29, Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.,
London, 1899.Report on the great earthquake of 1897, by Richard Dixon Oldham. Appendix
A: T.D. LaTouche. Stanford University.Pg.273.
[54]The eating of salt off the blade of a sword being one
of the Khasi forms of oath.
[55]The Calcutta Review, Vol.
Xxxviii. Published by R.C. Lepage and Co. Calcutta and London, 1863.Indiana
University Library.Pg.272.
[56]Himalayan Journals; or Notes
Of A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, The Khasia Mountains
Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and Illustrations, Volume 2. Published
by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque Nationale Et Universitaire,
Lausanne. Pg. 458.
[57]Umiam-Mawphlang/Umiew/Bogra/Bogapani:
This river, also known as the Umiam-Mawphlang rises on the southern slopes of
the Shillong Peak near a village called Pamlakrai near Smit. It is crossed by
the current Shillong-Cherra road on an iron bridge at Umtyngngar and forms the
Elephant Falls. Thereafter it emerges into the ravines on the eastern side of
the Mawphlang ridge. Near the plains the river passes near the village of
Shella and falls into the Surma river, west of Chatak near Duwara Bazar in
Bangladesh.
[58]The Khasis, By
Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Richard Thornhagh Gurdon, Commissioner of Assam
valley Districts and Honorary Director of Ethnography in Assam. Published under
the orders of the Assam Administration (Second Edition). Macmillan and Co.,
London, 1914. University of Michigan.Pg.161.
[59]http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Chasing+the+Rain+in+Cherrapunjee-a0206966535
[60]http://www.india9.com/i9show/-Meghalaya/Laitkynsew-70969.htm
[61]http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Chasing+the+Rain+in+Cherrapunjee-a0206966535
[62]http://cherrapunjee.com/index.php?mid=14&pid=
[63]The Quarterly Oriental
Magazine, Review and Register, Vol 7, Nos.13,14, January-June 1827. Thacker
& Co. Calcutta. Harvard College Library. Pg.CLX.
[64]Report on the Eastern
Frontier of British India, with an Appendix, and Maps. By Captain Robert
Boileau Pemberton, 44th Native Infantry, Late Joint Commissioner in
Muneepoor. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1835. The University of California.Pg.255.
[65]Missionary Journals and
Letters written during eleven years’ residence and travels amongst the Chinese,
Siamese, Javanese, Khassias, and other eastern nations. By Jacob Tomlin,
publisher James Nisbet and Co., London, 1844. New York Public Library. Pgs. 377
and 378.
[66]The history of the Welsh
Calvinistic Methodists’ foreign mission, to the end of the year 1904, by John
Hughes Morris. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1996. Pg.49.
[67]Ibid.Pg.51.
[68]Brown-May, Andrew. ‘Sex and
Salvation: Modelling Gender on an Indian Mission Station’ in Evangelists of
Empire?: Missionaries in Colonial History, ed. Amanda Barry, Joanna
Cruickshank, Andrew Brown-May and Patricia Grimshaw [online] Melbourne: University
of Melbourne eScholarship Research Centre, 2008.Pg.33.
[69]Himalayan Journals; or Notes
Of A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, The Khasia Mountains
Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and Illustrations, Volume 2. Published
by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque Nationale Et Universitaire,
Lausanne. Pg.461.
[70]The Khasis, By
Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Richard Thornhagh Gurdon, Commissioner of Assam
valley Districts and Honorary Director of Ethnography in Assam. Published under
the orders of the Assam Administration (Second Edition). Macmillan and Co.,
London, 1914. University of Michigan.Pg.146.
[71]Ibid.Pg.113 and 114.
[72]Assam district gazetteers,
Volume 10, B.C. Allen, Baptist Mission Press, 1906, Harvard University.Pg.98.
[73]Assam
district gazetteers, Volume 10, B.C. Allen, Baptist Mission Press, 1906,
Harvard University.Pg.99.
[74]Wah
Umiong/Umiam/Kalapani/Piyain (Nullah).
[75]Himalayan Journals; or Notes
Of A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, The Khasia Mountains
Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and Illustrations, Volume 2. Published
by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque Nationale Et Universitaire, Lausanne.
Pg.462.
[76]The Calcutta Review, Vol.
Xxvii, July-December 1856, Stanford University. Seramore and W.H. Allen and
Co., London. The Geological Structure of part of the Khasia Hills, with
Observations on the Meteorology and Ethnology of that District (observations
made in the Khasi Hills in 1851 and 1852). By Thomas Oldham, Superintendent of
the Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 1854.Pg71.
[77]Posthumous Papers bequeathed
to the Honorable East India Company, and printed by order of the Government of
Bengal. Journal Of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bootan, Affghanistan and The
neighbouring Countries. By the Late William Griffiths. Bishop’s College Press,
Calcutta, 1847. University of California at Berkeley. Pg. 7 and 8.
[78]Report on the Eastern
Frontier of British India, with an Appendix, and Maps. By Captain Robert
Boileau Pemberton, 44th Native Infantry, Late Joint Commissioner in
Muneepoor. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1835. The University of California.
Pg.246.
[79]Himalayan Journals; or Notes
Of A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, The Khasia Mountains
Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and Illustrations, Volume 2. Published
by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque Nationale Et Universitaire,
Lausanne.Pg.285 and 286.
[80]Himalayan Journals; or Notes
Of A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, The Khasia Mountains
Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and Illustrations, Volume 2. Published
by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque Nationale Et Universitaire, Lausanne.Pg.292.
[81]Memories of seven campaigns (1862-1869),
a record of thirty five years’ service in the Indian Medical Department in
India, China, Egypt, and the Sudan, By James Howard Thornton, Deputy
Surgeon-General Indian Medical Service (Retired) Late Principal Medical
Officer, Punjab Frontier Force. Published by Archibald Constable and Co.,
Westminster, 1895. Boston University.Pg.134.
[82]Report on the Eastern
Frontier of British India, with an Appendix, and Maps. By Captain Robert
Boileau Pemberton, 44th Native Infantry, Late Joint Commissioner in
Muneepoor. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1835. The University of
California.Pg.245.
[83]The Calcutta Review, Vol.
Xxvii, July-December 1856, Stanford University. Seramore and W.H. Allen and
Co., London. The Geological Structure of part of the Khasia Hills, with
Observations on the Meteorology and Ethnology of that District (observations
made in the Khasi Hills in 1851 and 1852). By Thomas Oldham, Superintendent of
the Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 1854.Pg.72.
[84]Ibid.
[85]Wild Sports
of Burmah and Assam. By Colonel Pollock, Late Staff Corps, and W.S.Thom,
Assistant District Superintendent of Police, Burmah. Hurst and Blackett,
London, 1900. University of California, Berkeley.Pg.493.
[86]http://cherrapunjee.com/index.php?mid=14&pid=
[87]http://megtourism.gov.in/sportsadventure.html
[88]Memoir of the Late David Scott,
Esq. Agent To The Governor General, On The North-east Frontier Of Bengal, and
Commissioner Of Revenue and Circuit in Assam. By Archibald Watson. Baptist
mission Press, Calcutta, 1832. University of California. Pg.97.
[89]An open chair, with a hood,
carried on men's shoulders.
[90]Posthumous Papers bequeathed
to the Honorable East India Company, and printed by order of the Government of
Bengal. Journal Of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bootan, Affghanistan and The
neighbouring Countries. By the Late William Griffiths. Bishop’s College Press,
Calcutta, 1847. University of California at Berkeley.Pg.8.
[91]Himalayan
Journals; or Notes Of A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, The
Khasia Mountains Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and Illustrations,
Volume 2. Published by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque Nationale Et
Universitaire, Lausanne.Pg.289.
[92]Ibid.
[93]Memories of
seven campaigns, a record of thirty five years’ service in the Indian Medical
Department in India, China, Egypt, and the Sudan, By James Howard Thornton,
Deputy Surgeon-General Indian Medical Service (Retired) Late Principal Medical
Officer, Punjab Frontier Force. Published by Archibald Constable and Co.,
Westminster, 1895. Boston University.Pg.134.
[94]Sport in British Burmah, Assam, and
the Cassyah and Jyntiah hills. with notes of sport in the hilly districts of
the northern division, Madras Presidency, indicating the best localities in
those countries for sport, with natural history notes, illustrations of the
people, scenery, and game, together with maps to guide the traveller or
sportsman, and hints on weapons, fishing-tackle, etc., best suited for killing
game met with in those provinces. Volume 2. Lieutenant Colonel Fitz William
Thomas Pollock, Chapman and Hall, London, 1879. Harvard University.Pg.31.
[95]The History of the Welsh
Calvinistic Methodists’ Foreign Mission to the end of the year 1904, John
Hughes Morris, 1910.Pg.177.
[96]Khasis and the Welsh Legacy,
Basil Griffiths. Akashi Book Depot, Shillong, 2007.Pg.87.
[97]Supplement to Tom LaTouche
and the Great Assam Earthquake of 12 June 1897: Letters from the Epicenter by
Roger Bilham, University of Colorado at Boulder.
[98]Ibid.
[99]In the
vicinity of the Khasi village, often just below the brow of the hill to the
leeward side, are to be seen dark woods of oak and other trees. These are the
sacred groves. Here the villagers worship U ryngkew U basa, the tutelary deity
of the village. These groves are taboo, and it is an offence to cut trees
therein for any purpose other than for performing funeral obsequies.
[101]Sport in
British Burmah, Assam, and the Cassyah and Jyntiah hills. with notes of sport
in the hilly districts of the northern division, Madras Presidency, indicating
the best localities in those countries for sport, with natural history notes,
illustrations of the people, scenery, and game, together with maps to guide the
traveller or sportsman, and hints on weapons, fishing-tackle, etc., best suited
for killing game met with in those provinces. Volume 2. Lieutenant Colonel Fitz
William Thomas Pollock, Chapman and Hall, London, 1879. Harvard University.Pg.32.
[102]http://db.nedfi.com/content/adventure-tourism.
[103]Himalayan Journals; or Notes
Of A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, The Khasia Mountains
Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and Illustrations, Volume 2. Published
by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque Nationale Et Universitaire,
Lausanne.Pg.291.
[104]Memoir of The Late David Scott,
Esq., Agent To the Governor General, On The North East Frontier of Bengal, And
Commissioner Of Revenue And Circuit In Assam, by Archibald Watson, Baptist
Mission Press, Calcutta, 1832 (sold by T.Ostell, British Library).University of
California.Pg.110.
[105]Report on the Eastern
Frontier of British India, with an Appendix, and Maps. By Captain Robert
Boileau Pemberton, 44th Native Infantry, Late Joint Commissioner in
Muneepoor. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1835. The University of California.
Pg.245.
[106]Posthumous Papers bequeathed
to the Honorable East India Company, and printed by order of the Government of
Bengal. Journal Of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bootan, Affghanistan and The
neighbouring Countries. By the Late William Griffiths. Bishop’s College Press,
Calcutta, 1847. University of California at Berkeley.Pg.8.
[107]Memoir of The Late David Scott,
Esq., Agent To the Governor General, On The North East Frontier of Bengal, And
Commissioner Of Revenue And Circuit In Assam, by Archibald Watson, Baptist
Mission Press, Calcutta, 1832 (sold by T.Ostell, British Library).University of
California. Pg.41.
[108]Himalayan Journals; or Notes
Of A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, The Khasia Mountains
Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and Illustrations, Volume 2. Published
by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque Nationale Et Universitaire,
Lausanne. Pg.291.
[109]The Calcutta Review, Vol.
Xxvii, July-December 1856, Stanford University. Seramore and W.H. Allen and
Co., London. The Geological Structure of part of the Khasia Hills, with
Observations on the Meteorology and Ethnology of that District (observations
made in the Khasi Hills in 1851 and 1852). By Thomas Oldham, Superintendent of
the Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 1854.Pg.74.
[110]Himalayan Journals; or Notes Of
A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, The Khasia Mountains
Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and Illustrations, Volume 2. Published
by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque Nationale Et Universitaire,
Lausanne. Pg.292.
[111]Memoir of The Late David Scott,
Esq., Agent To the Governor General, On The North East Frontier of Bengal, And
Commissioner Of Revenue And Circuit In Assam, by Archibald Watson, Baptist
Mission Press, Calcutta, 1832 (sold by T.Ostell, British Library).University of
California. Pg.117.
[112]Ibid.Pg.50.
[113]Report on the Eastern
Frontier of British India, with an Appendix, and Maps. By Captain Robert
Boileau Pemberton, 44th Native Infantry, Late Joint Commissioner in
Muneepoor. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1835. The University of
California.Pg.251.
[114]Posthumous Papers bequeathed
to the Honorable East India Company, and printed by order of the Government of
Bengal. Journal Of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bootan, Affghanistan and The
neighbouring Countries. By the Late William Griffiths. Bishop’s College Press,
Calcutta, 1847. University of California at Berkeley.Pg.8.
[115]Himalayan Journals; or Notes
Of A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, The Khasia Mountains
Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and Illustrations, Volume 2. Published
by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque Nationale Et Universitaire,
Lausanne. Pg.292.
[116]Ibid.
[117]Sport in British Burmah,
Assam, and the Cassyah and Jyntiah hills. with notes of sport in the hilly
districts of the northern division, Madras Presidency, indicating the best
localities in those countries for sport, with natural history notes,
illustrations of the people, scenery, and game, together with maps to guide the
traveller or sportsman, and hints on weapons, fishing-tackle, etc., best suited
for killing game met with in those provinces. Volume 2. Lieutenant Colonel Fitz
William Thomas Pollock, Chapman and Hall, London, 1879. Harvard University.Pg.31.
[118]The Khasis,
By Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Richard Thornhagh Gurdon, Commissioner of Assam
valley Districts and Honorary Director of Ethnography in Assam. Published under
the orders of the Assam Administration (Second Edition). Macmillan and Co.,
London, 1914. University of Michigan.Pg.27.
[119]The Calcutta
Review, Vol. Xxxviii, 1863. Notes on the Khasia Hills and People. By Lieutenant
H.Yule, Bengal Engineers. “Journal of the Asiatic Society” No. CLII. 1844,
Calcutta. Indiana University.Pg.275.
[120]Himalayan
Journals; or Notes Of A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas,
The Khasia Mountains Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and
Illustrations, Volume 2. Published by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque
Nationale Et Universitaire, Lausanne. Pg.294-296.
[121]The Calcutta Review, Vol.
Xxvii, July-December 1856, Stanford University. Seramore and W.H. Allen and
Co., London. The Geological Structure of part of the Khasia Hills, with
Observations on the Meteorology and Ethnology of that District (observations
made in the Khasi Hills in 1851 and 1852). By Thomas Oldham, Superintendent of
the Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 1854.Pg.75.
[122]Memories of seven campaigns,
a record of thirty five years’ service in the Indian Medical Department in
India, China, Egypt, and the Sudan, By James Howard Thornton, Deputy
Surgeon-General Indian Medical Service (Retired) Late Principal Medical
Officer, Punjab Frontier Force. Published by Archibald Constable and Co.,
Westminster, 1895. Boston University.Pg.134,135.
[123]The Khasis, By
Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Richard Thornhagh Gurdon, Commissioner of Assam
valley Districts and Honorary Director of Ethnography in Assam. Published under
the orders of the Assam Administration (Second Edition). Macmillan and Co.,
London, 1914. University of Michigan.Pg.162.
[124]The Umngot river rises
from the eastern part of the Shillong Peak near a village called Smit
(and to the right of Laitlynkot), suddenly turns towards the south where
it forms the boundary between East Khasi Hills District and Jaintia
Hills District, it then emerges through the gorge at Shnongpden, continues
in its less turbulent form to flow by the fine gorge near Dawki and
enters into the plains of Bangladesh.
[125]Memoir of The Late David Scott,
Esq., Agent To the Governor General, On The North East Frontier of Bengal, And
Commissioner Of Revenue And Circuit In Assam, by Archibald Watson, Baptist
Mission Press, Calcutta, 1832 (sold by T.Ostell, British Library).University of
California.Pg.33.
[126]Ibid.Pg.34.
[127]Ibid.Pg.102.
[128]Ibid.Pg.95.
[129]Ibid.Pg.95,96.
Appendix
No.
11: Extract of a letter from Mr. Scott to Mr. Lamb, Nunkhlow, 14 April 1827.
[130]Report on the Eastern
Frontier of British India, with an Appendix, and Maps. By Captain Robert
Boileau Pemberton, 44th Native Infantry, Late Joint Commissioner in
Muneepoor. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1835. The University of California.
Pg.246.
[131]Memoir of
The Late David Scott, Esq., Agent To the Governor General, On The North East
Frontier of Bengal, And Commissioner Of Revenue And Circuit In Assam, by
Archibald Watson, Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1832 (sold by T.Ostell,
British Library).University of California.Pg.102. Appendix
No.
15: Extract of a letter from Mr. Scott to Mr. Lamb, Gowahatty, 18 July 1827.
[132]A junior
rank of commissioned officer in the armed forces. As the junior officer in an
infantry regiment was traditionally the carrier of the ensign flag, the rank
itself acquired the name.
[133]Ibid.Pg.111. Appendix
No.
15: Extract of a letter from Mr. Scott, dated Gowalparah, 28th
April, 1831, to Lieut. H. Vetch, of the Assam Light Infantry.
[134]The Asiatic Journal and
Monthly Register for British India and its Dependencies, Volume 28, July to
December 1829. Printed by Parbury, Allen & Co., London 1829. University of
Michigan.Pg.595.
[135]Memoir of The Late David Scott,
Esq., Agent To the Governor General, On The North East Frontier of Bengal, And
Commissioner Of Revenue And Circuit In Assam, by Archibald Watson, Baptist
Mission Press, Calcutta, 1832 (sold by T.Ostell, British Library).University of
California.Pg.39.
[136]Missionary Journals and
Letters written during eleven years’ residence and travels amongst the Chinese,
Siamese, Javanese, Khassias, and other eastern nations. By Jacob Tomlin,
publisher James Nisbet and Co., London, 1844. New York Public Library. Pg.377.
[137]The North
East Frontier of India, Alexander Mackenzie, Mittal Publications, New Delhi,1995,Pg.231.
[138]Posthumous Papers bequeathed
to the Honorable East India Company, and printed by order of the Government of
Bengal. Journal Of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bootan, Affghanistan and The
neighbouring Countries. By the Late William Griffiths. Bishop’s College Press,
Calcutta, 1847. University of California at Berkeley.Pg.9.
[139]The Calcutta
Review, Vol. Xxxviii, 1863. Notes on the Khasia Hills and People. By Lieutenant
H.Yule, Bengal Engineers. “Journal of the Asiatic Society” No. CLII. 1844,
Calcutta. Indiana University.Pg.276.
[140]Himalayan Journals; or Notes
Of A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, The Khasia Mountains
Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and Illustrations, Volume 2. Published
by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque Nationale Et Universitaire,
Lausanne. Pg.300.
[141]Ibid.Pg.301.
[142]Ibid.Pg.302.
[143]The Calcutta Review, Vol.
Xxvii, July-December 1856, Stanford University. Seramore and W.H. Allen and
Co., London. The Geological Structure of part of the Khasia Hills, with
Observations on the Meteorology and Ethnology of that District (observations
made in the Khasi Hills in 1851 and 1852). By Thomas Oldham, Superintendent of
the Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 1854.Pg.75.
[144]Memories of seven campaigns,
a record of thirty five years’ service in the Indian Medical Department in
India, China, Egypt, and the Sudan, By James Howard Thornton, Deputy
Surgeon-General Indian Medical Service (Retired) Late Principal Medical
Officer, Punjab Frontier Force. Published by Archibald Constable and Co.,
Westminster, 1895. Boston University.Pg.135.
[145]Sport in British Burmah,
Assam, and the Cassyah and Jyntiah hills. with notes of sport in the hilly
districts of the northern division, Madras Presidency, indicating the best
localities in those countries for sport, with natural history notes,
illustrations of the people, scenery, and game, together with maps to guide the
traveller or sportsman, and hints on weapons, fishing-tackle, etc., best suited
for killing game met with in those provinces. Volume 2. Lieutenant Colonel Fitz
William Thomas Pollock, Chapman and Hall, London, 1879. Harvard
University.Pg.43.
[146]Nongkhlaw State, also known
as Hima Khadsawphra. Literally, Khadsawphra means ‘fourteen eight’ reflecting
the fourteen and eight areas within its fold. There were fourteen villages of
Nongkhlaw and eight units in Shella which acceded to Nongkhlaw.
[147]The History of the Welsh
Calvinistic Methodists’ Foreign Mission to the end of the year 1904, John
Hughes Morris, 1910, Pg.210.
[148]A quotation
from Horace, Odes, Carm.1.24, lines 3-10. An inscription on the South side of
the nave of St. Peter's, Broughton, North Staffordshre Memorial Inscription.
[149]Memoir of The Late David Scott,
Esq., Agent To the Governor General, On The North East Frontier of Bengal, And
Commissioner Of Revenue And Circuit In Assam, by Archibald Watson, Baptist
Mission Press, Calcutta, 1832 (sold by T.Ostell, British Library).University of
California. Pg.111. Appendix No. 23: Extract
of a letter from Mr. Scott, dated Goalpara, 28 April 1831, to Lieut. H. Vetch,
of the Assam Light Infantry.
[150]Ibid.Pg.124.
[151]Khri/Wah Khri/Kulsi:This river rises near the
village of Laitdom close to Mairang in West Khasi Hills. It flows through
largely forested area. After some kilometers, it debouches into the Assam
plains as the Kulsi, and joins the Khri-Synnia.
[152]Posthumous Papers bequeathed
to the Honorable East India Company, and printed by order of the Government of
Bengal. Journal Of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bootan, Affghanistan and The
neighbouring Countries. By the Late William Griffiths. Bishop’s College Press,
Calcutta, 1847. University of California at Berkeley.Pg.10.
[153]Himalayan Journals; or Notes
Of A Naturalist in Bengal, The Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, The Khasia Mountains
Etc., By Joseph Dalton Hooker, with Maps and Illustrations, Volume 2. Published
by John Murray, London, 1854. Bibliotheque Nationale Et Universitaire,
Lausanne. Pg.301.
[154]The Calcutta Review, Vol.
Xxvii, July-December 1856, Stanford University. Seramore and W.H. Allen and
Co., London. The Geological Structure of part of the Khasia Hills, with
Observations on the Meteorology and Ethnology of that District (observations
made in the Khasi Hills in 1851 and 1852). By Thomas Oldham, Superintendent of
the Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 1854.Pg.75.
[155]Memories of seven campaigns,
a record of thirty five years’ service in the Indian Medical Department in
India, China, Egypt, and the Sudan, By James Howard Thornton, Deputy
Surgeon-General Indian Medical Service (Retired) Late Principal Medical
Officer, Punjab Frontier Force. Published by Archibald Constable and Co.,
Westminster, 1895. Boston University.Pg.135.
[156]Posthumous Papers bequeathed
to the Honorable East India Company, and printed by order of the Government of
Bengal. Journal Of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bootan, Affghanistan and The
neighbouring Countries. By the Late William Griffiths. Bishop’s College Press,
Calcutta, 1847. University of California at Berkeley.Pg.10.
[157]Memories of seven campaigns,
a record of thirty five years’ service in the Indian Medical Department in
India, China, Egypt, and the Sudan, By James Howard Thornton, Deputy
Surgeon-General Indian Medical Service (Retired) Late Principal Medical
Officer, Punjab Frontier Force. Published by Archibald Constable and Co.,
Westminster, 1895. Boston University.Pg.136.
[158]Sport in British Burmah,
Assam, and the Cassyah and Jyntiah hills. with notes of sport in the hilly
districts of the northern division, Madras Presidency, indicating the best
localities in those countries for sport, with natural history notes,
illustrations of the people, scenery, and game, together with maps to guide the
traveller or sportsman, and hints on weapons, fishing-tackle, etc., best suited
for killing game met with in those provinces. Volume 2. Lieutenant Colonel Fitz
William Thomas Pollock, Chapman and Hall, London, 1879. Harvard
University.Pg.30.
[159]The serows
are six species of medium-sized goat-like or antelope-like mammals of the genus
Capricorni (Source:Wikipedia).
[160]No.CVII,
Roads in Assam (second article), Report on the Road from Gowhatty to the
Sylhet River, by Major D, Briggs, Superintendant of Works in Assam, about
1862. Published in the Professional Papers in Indian Engineering, Vol. III,
1866.
[161]Report on the
Eastern Frontier of British India, with an Appendix, and Maps. By Captain
Robert Boileau Pemberton, 44th Native Infantry, Late Joint
Commissioner in Muneepoor. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1835. The
University of California. Pg.243.
[162]Posthumous
Papers bequeathed to the Honorable East India Company, and printed by order of
the Government of Bengal. Journal Of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bootan,
Affghanistan and The neighbouring Countries. By the Late William Griffiths.
Bishop’s College Press, Calcutta, 1847. University of California at Berkeley.Pg.11.
[163]Report on
the Eastern Frontier of British India, with an Appendix, and Maps. By Captain
Robert Boileau Pemberton, 44th Native Infantry, Late Joint
Commissioner in Muneepoor. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1835. The
University of California. Pg.243.
[164]The Calcutta
Review, Vol. Xxvii, July-December 1856, Stanford University. Seramore and W.H.
Allen and Co., London. The Geological Structure of part of the Khasia Hills,
with Observations on the Meteorology and Ethnology of that District
(observations made in the Khasi Hills in 1851 and 1852). By Thomas Oldham,
Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 1854.Pg.76.
[165]Memoir of
The Late David Scott, Esq., Agent To the Governor General, On The North East
Frontier of Bengal, And Commissioner Of Revenue And Circuit In Assam, by
Archibald Watson, Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1832 (sold by T.Ostell,
British Library).University of California. Pg.43.
[166]Ibid.Pg.45.
[167]Ibid.Pg.46.
[169]Posthumous Papers bequeathed
to the Honorable East India Company, and printed by order of the Government of
Bengal. Journal Of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bootan, Affghanistan and The
neighbouring Countries. By the Late William Griffiths. Bishop’s College Press,
Calcutta, 1847. University of California at Berkeley.Pg.11.
[170]Memories of seven campaigns,
a record of thirty five years’ service in the Indian Medical Department in
India, China, Egypt, and the Sudan, By James Howard Thornton, Deputy
Surgeon-General Indian Medical Service (Retired) Late Principal Medical
Officer, Punjab Frontier Force. Published by Archibald Constable and Co., Westminster,
1895. Boston University.Pg.136.
[171]Sport in British Burmah,
Assam, and the Cassyah and Jyntiah hills. with notes of sport in the hilly
districts of the northern division, Madras Presidency, indicating the best
localities in those countries for sport, with natural history notes,
illustrations of the people, scenery, and game, together with maps to guide the
traveller or sportsman, and hints on weapons, fishing-tackle, etc., best suited
for killing game met with in those provinces. Volume 2. Lieutenant Colonel Fitz
William Thomas Pollock, Chapman and Hall, London, 1879. Harvard
University.Pg.29.
[172]The Calcutta
Review, Vol. Xxvii, July-December 1856, Stanford University. Seramore and W.H.
Allen and Co., London. The Geological Structure of part of the Khasia Hills,
with Observations on the Meteorology and Ethnology of that District
(observations made in the Khasi Hills in 1851 and 1852). By Thomas Oldham, Superintendent
of the Geological Survey of India, Calcutta 1854.Pg.76.
[173]Ibid.
[174]Memories of
seven campaigns, a record of thirty five years’ service in the Indian Medical
Department in India, China, Egypt, and the Sudan, By James Howard Thornton,
Deputy Surgeon-General Indian Medical Service (Retired) Late Principal Medical
Officer, Punjab Frontier Force. Published by Archibald Constable and Co.,
Westminster, 1895. Boston University.Pg.136.
[175]Sport in
British Burmah, Assam, and the Cassyah and Jyntiah hills. with notes of sport
in the hilly districts of the northern division, Madras Presidency, indicating
the best localities in those countries for sport, with natural history notes,
illustrations of the people, scenery, and game, together with maps to guide the
traveller or sportsman, and hints on weapons, fishing-tackle, etc., best suited
for killing game met with in those provinces. Volume 2. Lieutenant Colonel Fitz
William Thomas Pollock, Chapman and Hall, London, 1879. Harvard University.Pg.29.
[176]Posthumous Papers bequeathed
to the Honorable East India Company, and printed by order of the Government of
Bengal. Journal Of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bootan, Affghanistan and The
neighbouring Countries. By the Late William Griffiths. Bishop’s College Press,
Calcutta, 1847. University of California at Berkeley.Pg.11.
[177]Memories of seven campaigns,
a record of thirty five years’ service in the Indian Medical Department in
India, China, Egypt, and the Sudan, By James Howard Thornton, Deputy
Surgeon-General Indian Medical Service (Retired) Late Principal Medical
Officer, Punjab Frontier Force. Published by Archibald Constable and Co., Westminster,
1895. Boston University.Pg.136.
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